Research
Open the primary scholarly records, DOI, PubMed, PMCID, and ClinicalTrials.gov links supporting this page.
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1. other · unknown
National Center for Biotechnology Information · PubChem
Structured public compound identifiers and computed chemical properties. Product-specific stability, purity, lot results, and shelf life are not inferred from this record.
Why linked: Official PubChem identity record returned for the resolved component GHK-Cu.
2. other · unknown
National Center for Biotechnology Information · PubChem
Structured public compound identifiers and computed chemical properties. Product-specific stability, purity, lot results, and shelf life are not inferred from this record.
Why linked: Official PubChem identity record returned for the resolved component BPC-157.
3. other · unknown
National Center for Biotechnology Information · PubChem
Structured public compound identifiers and computed chemical properties. Product-specific stability, purity, lot results, and shelf life are not inferred from this record.
Why linked: Official PubChem identity record returned for the resolved component TB-500.
4. crossref · animal
A.S. Polonskaia Polonskaia, E.A. Shatokhina Shatokhina, L.S. Kruglova Kruglova, Central State Medical Academy of Department for Presidential Affairs of the Russian Federation, Department of Dermatovenerology and Cosmetology, Moscow, Russia · Pharmateca · 2020
Why linked: The title contains the resolved identity “GHK-Cu”.
5. crossref · unknown
Jing Hu, Chao Zhang, Feifei Wang · European Journal of Pharmacology · 2026
Why linked: The title contains the resolved identity “GHK-Cu”.
6. crossref · animal
Michał Dymek, Karolina Olechowska, Katarzyna Hąc-Wydro, Elżbieta Sikora · Pharmaceutics · 2023
Formulation study developing liposomal carriers for topical delivery of GHK‑Cu and testing enzyme‑inhibition assays (tyrosinase, elastase).
Why linked: The title contains the resolved identity “GHK-Cu”.
7. crossref · animal
Dr. Nita Sharma Das · International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Innovation · 2026
A recent review synthesizing biological evidence for GHK‑Cu and surveying delivery strategies (microemulsions, microneedles, nanoparticles, liposomes) to improve topical efficacy; notes gaps in clinical validation and safety profiling for advanced carriers.
Why linked: The title contains the resolved identity “GHK-Cu”.
8. preprint · unknown
Die Hu, Xuexun Zhang, Shiwen Gong, Wentao Ma, BO CHENG, Jing Yang, Lesan Yan, Binbin Li, Tong Qiu, Xinyu Wang · 2025
Why linked: The title contains the resolved identity “GHK-Cu”.
Open source record9. crossref · unknown
Why linked: The title contains the resolved identity “GHK-Cu”.
10. crossref · animal
Loren Pickart, Anna Margolina · OBM Genetics · 2021
Laboratory study reporting gene‑expression modulation by GHK‑Cu in human cancer cell lines and a review of biological effects including tissue regenerative properties.
Why linked: The title contains the resolved identity “GHK-Cu”.
11. crossref · animal
Loren Pickart, Jessica Vasquez-Soltero, Anna Margolina · Cosmetics · 2015
Review and mechanistic summary describing GHK‑Cu’s effects on skin oxidative stress and gene expression; reports stimulation of collagen/ECM synthesis, antioxidant and anti‑inflammatory gene modulation in vitro and in vivo models.
Why linked: The title contains the resolved identity “GHK-Cu”.
12. crossref · unknown
Wanbo Lu, Sanjiang Kang, Shasha Liu, Yuying Wang, Hongbin Wang · Systems Microbiology and Biomanufacturing · 2026
Why linked: The title contains the resolved identity “GHK-Cu”.
13. crossref · unknown
Gastroenterology · 1995
Why linked: The title contains the resolved identity “BPC-157”.
14. crossref · animal
2020
Why linked: The title contains the resolved identity “BPC-157”.
15. crossref · animal
Barbara Pietrzyk, Maciej Waluga · Annales Academiae Medicae Silesiensis · 2026
Recent review focused on BPC‑157 and the gut–brain axis summarizing preclinical neuroprotective, anti‑inflammatory and regenerative findings and noting limited clinical data.
Why linked: The title contains the resolved identity “BPC-157”.
16. preprint · unknown
Gordana Zivanovic-Posilovic · 2017
Why linked: The title contains the resolved identity “BPC-157”.
Open source record17. crossref · animal
2020
Why linked: The title contains the resolved identity “BPC-157”.
18. crossref · human
Андрій ЧОРНОМИДЗ, Микола КЛАНЦА · PHYSICAL CULTURE AND SPORT: SCIENTIFIC PERSPECTIVE · 2025
Review analyzing peptide bioregulators used for sports injury recovery, explicitly covering BPC‑157 and TB‑500; contrasts extensive preclinical data with the absence of robust clinical evidence and highlights regulatory/safety concerns.
Why linked: The title contains the resolved identity “BPC-157”.
19. crossref · animal
2019
Why linked: The title contains the resolved identity “BPC-157”.
20. crossref · animal
Dalibor Crvenkovic, Marko Sever, Anita Zenko Sever, Ivan Zoricic, Zarko Rasic, Zeljko Romic, Sven Seiwerth, Predrag Sikiric · Gastroenterology · 2016
Animal study reporting beneficial effects of BPC‑157 in a rat liver resection model and interactions with nitric oxide system modulators.
Why linked: The title contains the resolved identity “BPC-157”.
21. crossref · unknown
Predrag Sikiric · Inflammopharmacology · 1999
Early pharmacology overview of BPC‑157 describing a range of protective and regenerative actions across organ systems in preclinical studies.
Why linked: The title contains the resolved identity “BPC-157”.
22. preprint · animal
Jakša Vukojević, Nikola Žaja · 2018
Why linked: The title contains the resolved identity “BPC-157”.
Open source record23. crossref · unknown
Liječnički vjesnik · 2023
Why linked: The title contains the resolved identity “BPC-157”.
24. crossref · animal
2020
Why linked: The title contains the resolved identity “BPC-157”.
25. crossref · animal
Luiz Felippe Mendes Caquetti · INTERNATIONAL BLEST SCIENTIFIC · 2026
Regenerative medicine has significantly increased scientific interest in bioactive peptides capable of modulating biological mechanisms associated with musculoskeletal tissue repair. In this context, BPC-157, Thymosin Beta-4 (TB4), TB-500, TB-500 Fragment, and KPV have emerged as molecules of interest due to their potential involvement in angiogenesis, cell migration, inflammatory modulation, and tissue remodeling processes. This study aimed to critically analyze the biological mechanisms and translational potential of these peptides in the context of musculoskeletal regeneration. The research was conducted as an integrative literature review with an applied nature, qualitative approach, and exploratory-descriptive objective. Data collection was performed using internationally recognized scientific databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect, relying ex
Why linked: The title contains the resolved identity “TB-500”.
26. preprint · human
Flynn McGuire, Emma Hughes, Travis Maak, Daniel M. Cushman · 2026
Thymosin beta-4 (TB4) and the related compound commonly referred to as TB-500 are widely discussed in tissue healing and musculoskeletal medicine, but the scope and nature of the supporting literature remain unclear. We conducted a scoping review to map the evidence on TB4 and TB-500 in tissue healing, regeneration, and musculoskeletal repair. PubMed, Europe PMC, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched through March 2026. English-language in vitro, animal, human, and registered clinical trial sources directly evaluating TB4, TB-500, or included derivatives in repair-related contexts were eligible. Of 1772 records identified, 80 studies were included. The evidence base was weighted toward mixed and in vitro designs, and most studies evaluated TB4 rather than TB-500. The most common tissue categories were wound/skin/soft tissue, vascular/endothelial, ocular/cornea, and bone. Direct musculoske
Why linked: The title contains the resolved identity “TB-500”.
Open source record27. crossref · human
Flynn McGuire, Emma Hughes, Travis Maak, Daniel M. Cushman · Applied Sciences · 2026
Thymosin beta-4 (TB4) and the related compound commonly referred to as TB-500 are widely discussed in tissue healing and musculoskeletal medicine, but the scope and nature of the supporting literature remain unclear. We conducted a scoping review to map the evidence on TB4 and TB-500 in tissue healing, regeneration, and musculoskeletal repair. PubMed, Europe PMC, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched through March 2026. English-language in vitro, animal, human, and registered clinical trial sources directly evaluating TB4, TB-500, or included derivatives in repair-related contexts were eligible. Of 1772 records identified, 80 studies were included. The evidence base was weighted toward mixed and in vitro designs, and most studies evaluated TB4 rather than TB-500. The most common tissue categories were wound/skin/soft tissue, vascular/endothelial, ocular/cornea, and bone. Direct musculoske
Why linked: The title contains the resolved identity “TB-500”.
28. crossref · unknown
Why linked: The title contains the resolved identity “TB-4”.
Open source record29. crossref · unknown
Emmie N.M. Ho, W.H. Kwok, M.Y. Lau, April S.Y. Wong, Terence S.M. Wan, Kenneth K.H. Lam, Peter J. Schiff, Brian D. Stewart · Journal of Chromatography A · 2012
Why linked: The title contains the resolved identity “TB-500”.
30. crossref · unknown
Su-Young Oh, Ji-Hee Song, Jung-Eun Gil, Jeong-Hee Kim, Young-Il Yeom, Eun-Yi Moon · Experimental Cell Research · 2006
Why linked: The title contains the resolved identity “TB-4”.
31. crossref · unknown
Eun-Yi Moon, Ji-Hee Song, Kyu-Hwan Yang · Oncology Research Featuring Preclinical and Clinical Cancer Therapeutics · 2007
Why linked: The title contains the resolved identity “TB-4”.
32. crossref · animal
Koujiro Tohyama, Tetsuro Morita, Noboru Sato, Hiroyuki Yaginuma, Yasuo Uchiyama · Neuroscience Research Supplements · 1994
Why linked: The title contains the resolved identity “TB-4”.
NCT07437586 · RECRUITING
Hudson Biotech · INTERVENTIONAL · PHASE2
This study will evaluate whether a topical gel containing GHK-Cu (a copper(II)-peptide complex) can safely speed up healing of small, standardized skin wounds in healthy adults compared with a matching vehicle gel. Participants will receive two small punch-biopsy wounds on the upper arm; each wound will be randomly assigned to receive GHK-Cu gel or vehicle gel under identical dressings. Wounds will be photographed and assessed over 3 weeks, with a follow-up visit to evaluate scar quality.
NCT07437547 · RECRUITING
Hudson Biotech · INTERVENTIONAL · PHASE2
This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 2 study evaluates whether pentadecapeptide BPC 157 (BPC-157), an investigational peptide, can speed structural healing and functional recovery after an acute grade II hamstring muscle strain. Participants will receive BPC 157 or placebo for 14 days in addition to a standardized rehabilitation program. The co-primary endpoints are time to return to unrestricted sport and change in MRI-assessed injury volume at Day 14.
NCT07487363 · RECRUITING
Hudson Biotech · INTERVENTIONAL · PHASE1, PHASE2
This fictional study is an example of a ClinicalTrials.gov-style record. It describes a Phase 1/2 trial evaluating the safety and tolerability of TB-500 (a 17-23 fragment of thymosin beta 4) versus placebo in adults with stable atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Exploratory endpoints assess vascular function and inflammation biomarkers
NCT02668055 · COMPLETED
Chinese PLA General Hospital · INTERVENTIONAL · PHASE1
Evaluation of slow-release Tb4 collagen and chitosan porous sponge scaffolds skin substitutes the effectiveness of clinical trials for the treatment of difficult to heal wounds and security.
NCT07706361 · NOT_YET_RECRUITING
LifeWave, Inc. · INTERVENTIONAL · NA
The goal of this clinical trial is to investigate GHK and GHK-Cu blood levels pre- and post-intervention in healthy adults, and to investigate the efficacy of X39 patch on GHK and GHK-Cu blood levels in healthy adults compared to a placebo. The main questions it aims to answer are: * What is the change in GHK and GHK-Cu levels from baseline to Day 8? * What is the difference in the change in GHK and GHK-Cu levels from baseline to Day 8 between the X39 patch and placebo? Researchers will compare X39 patches to placebo patches to evaluate their effects on circulating blood levels of GHK and GHK-Cu in healthy adults. Participants will be asked to complete a questionnaire and use the X39 patch or placebo patch.
NCT02637284 · UNKNOWN
PharmaCotherapia d.o.o. · INTERVENTIONAL · PHASE1
Phase I clinical trial in healthy volunteers to study safety and pharmacokinetics of BPC-157, a pentadecapeptide from gastric source.
